Parra - Ultrashort Pulse (USP) Laser -- Matter Interactions - Spring Review 2013

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Dr. Riq Parra presents an overview of his program, Ultrashort Pulse (USP) Laser -- Matter Interactions, at the AFOSR 2013 Spring Review. At this review, Program Officers from AFOSR Technical Divisions ...

Dr. Riq Parra presents an overview of his program, Ultrashort Pulse (USP) Laser -- Matter Interactions, at the AFOSR 2013 Spring Review. At this review, Program Officers from AFOSR Technical Divisions will present briefings that highlight basic research programs beneficial to the Air Force.

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1 Integrity ? Service ? Excellence Ultrashort Pulse (USP) Laser – Matter Interactions 5 MAR 2013 Dr. Riq Parra Program Officer AFOSR/RTB Air Force Research Laboratory DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 2 500 700 900 nm 25 nm 300 nm 0.002 nm BANDWITH Modelocked femtosecond lasers Light Emitting Diode Ti:Sapphire modelocked fs laser Sunlight He-Ne cw laser Wikipedia Wikipedia DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited time time time time Pulses! 3 2013 AFOSR SPRING REVIEW 3001O PORTFOLIO OVERVIEW • The program aims to understand and control light sources exhibiting extreme bandwidth, peak power and temporal characteristics. • Portfolio sub-areas: optical frequency combs, high-field science, attosecond physics. DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 4 Applications of USP Lasers USP Lasers Secondary Radiation Sources generation of particle & photons • High power THz generation • Extreme ultraviolet lithography • Biological soft x-ray microscopy • Non-destructive evaluation • Medical imaging/therapy Metrology stabilized, ultra-wide bandwidth • Ultra-stable freq sources • Optical waveform synthesis • High precision spectroscopy • Frequency/time transfer • High-capacity comms • Coherent LIDAR • Optical clocks • Calibration Material Science ultrashort, high peak power • Surgery • Chemical analysis (LIBS) • Surface property modification • Non-equilibrium ablation • Micromachining • Ultrafast photochemistry • Attochemistry Propagation in media self-channeling • Remote sensing • Remote tagging • Directed energy • Electronic warfare • Countermeasures • Advanced sonar Particle Acceleration ultrahigh electric field gradients • Table-top GeV electron accelerators • MeV ion sources for imaging • Isotope production • Hadron tumor therapy • Proton-based fast ignition DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 5 Outline – Microresonator-based optical frequency combs – High peak power, ultrashort pulse laser processing of materials – Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) comb spectroscopy – High harmonic interferometry – Relativistic optics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Photo credits: DOI: 10.1038/nature05524, www.attoworld.de, E. Chowdhury (OSU) 6 Outline – Microresonator-based optical frequency combs – High peak power, ultrashort pulse laser processing of materials – Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) comb spectroscopy – High harmonic interferometry – Relativistic optics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Photo credits: DOI: 10.1038/nature05524, www.attoworld.de, E. Chowdhury (OSU) 7 Optical frequency combs: Frequency & time domains Source: Kippenberg et al., Science (2011); Diddams. DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 2?f tr.t = 1/fr t E(t) ?f Frequency domain Time domain 8 Metrological applications of optical frequency combs Source: Newbury, Nature Photonics (2011) DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 9 Source:Braje,Physics3,75(2010) Combs in monolithic microresonators High-Q mm crystalline resonators top left doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2012.127 right doi: 10.1103/physreva.84.053833 bottom left doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.093902 CaF2 Fused-quartz MgF2 Silica toroids doi:10.1038/nature06401 Silicon nitride microrings doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2009.259 DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Parametric Source: Kippenberg et al., Science (2011) Conventional 10 Octave spanning bandwidths Source: Del’Haye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 063901 (2011), Okawachi, Opt. Lett. 36, 3398 (2011) DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 11 Why microresonators? Source: Kippenberg et al., Science (2011) DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 12 Comb generation dynamics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedGraphics adapted from Herr, arXiv:1111.3071v1, 2011 13 Comb generation dynamics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedGraphics adapted from Herr, arXiv:1111.3071v1, 2011 14 Comb generation dynamics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedGraphics adapted from Herr, arXiv:1111.3071v1, 2011 15 Comb generation dynamics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedGraphics adapted from Herr, arXiv:1111.3071v1, 2011 16 Comb generation dynamics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedGraphics adapted from Herr, arXiv:1111.3071v1, 2011 17 Comb generation dynamics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedGraphics adapted from Herr, arXiv:1111.3071v1, 2011 18 Comb generation dynamics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedGraphics adapted from Herr, arXiv:1111.3071v1, 2011 19 (FY12 BRI) Microresonator-based optical frequency combs • Initiative aimed at exploring the fundamental physics of microresonator comb generation. • Six efforts exploring: – Spatio-temporal field mapping and control – Silicon-carbide microdisks – Silicon nitride resonators – Mid-IR microresonators – Time domain characterization – Dispersion tailoring via slotted waveguides DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 20 Temporal and Spectral Comb Generation Dynamics Optical spectrum RF spectrumTemporal output Source: http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.1096v3 PI: Alex Gaeta, Cornell DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 21 Temporal and Spectral Comb Generation Dynamics Source: http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.1096v3 PI: Alex Gaeta, Cornell Optical spectrum RF spectrumTemporal output DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 22 Temporal and Spectral Comb Generation Dynamics Transition to modelocking? Source: http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.1096v3 PI: Alex Gaeta, Cornell Optical spectrum RF spectrumTemporal output DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 23 ? 99-GHz repetition rate ? 160-fs pulses Ultrashort Pulses at 99 GHz Source: http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.1096v3 PI: Alex Gaeta, Cornell DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 24 Outline – Microresonator-based optical frequency combs – High peak power, ultrashort pulse laser processing of materials – Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) comb spectroscopy – High harmonic interferometry – Relativistic optics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Photo credits: DOI: 10.1038/nature05524, www.attoworld.de, E. Chowdhury (OSU) 25 Long laser pulse Ultrashort pulses Long laser pulse damages adjacent structures Ultrashort pulses ? no collateral damage Source: C. Momma, A. Tunnermann et al., Opt. Commun. 129, 134 (1996) DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 26 Timescales of electron and lattice processes in laser-excited solids Time-dependent processes in materials Source: Sundaram, Nat Mater 1, 217 (2002), Mao, Applied Physics A 79, 1695 (2004). 10 – 100 fs Multi- photon Tunneling Avalanche Excitation mechanisms DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 27 High peak power, ultrashort pulse laser processing of materials • Ultrashort laser pulses open up novel possibilities and mechanisms for laser-solid interactions. • Demonstrated femtosecond laser processing and surface texturing techniques to engineer surface structures & properties (e.g. darkened & colorized metals, hydrophilic & hydrophobic surfaces). Colorized metals PI: Chunlei Guo, U of Rochester Hydrophilic Hydrophobic DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 28 (FY13 BRI) High peak power, ultrashort pulse laser processing of materials • Initiative aimed at developing a fundamental understanding of intense field laser ablation/damage in the femtosecond regime. • Three multi-PI efforts exploring: – Dynamics of ionization – Fundamental dynamics of laser ablation – Defect states in multi-pulse interaction – Effect of structures on laser damage – First principle-based models, non- adiabatic quantum MD, classical MD – Vary ? = 400 nm – 4 µm, t = 5 – 1000 fs – Complex beam shapes (Bessel, Airy, vortex, SSTF beams) – Novel laser-matter interaction geometries (confined microexplosions, SSTF excitation, few-cycle pulses) SSTF focus Gratings Classical MD DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 29 Outline – Microresonator-based optical frequency combs – High peak power, ultrashort pulse laser processing of materials – Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) comb spectroscopy – High harmonic interferometry – Relativistic optics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Photo credits: DOI: 10.1038/nature05524, www.attoworld.de, E. Chowdhury (OSU) 30 High Harmonic Generation (HHG) Microscopic single-atom physics of HHG Macroscopic phase-matched harmonic emission Source: Popmintchev, Nat Photonics 4, 822 (2010), Popmintchev, Science 336, 1287 (2012) DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 2D electron wavepacket quantum simulation Source: Luis Plaja, U Salamanca 31 Direct Frequency Comb Spectroscopy in the Extreme Ultraviolet PI: Jun Ye, U of Colorado Source: Cingoz, Nature 482, 68 (2012) Towards dual comb EUV spectroscopy COMB 1 COMB 2 Beat notes! 119 nm97 nm82 nm47 nm 71 nm DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Unpublished 32 Outline – Microresonator-based optical frequency combs – High peak power, ultrashort pulse laser processing of materials – Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) comb spectroscopy – High harmonic interferometry – Relativistic optics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Photo credits: DOI: 10.1038/nature05524, www.attoworld.de, E. Chowdhury (OSU) 33 High Harmonic Interferometry to follow chemical reactions PI: Paul Corkum, NRC Source: Worner, Nature 466, 604 (2010). Br2 Br + Br DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 34 Conical intersections drive the chemistry of complex molecules Source: Paul Corkum PI: Paul Corkum, NRC DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 35 Conical Intersection Dynamics in NO2 Source: Wörner, Science 334, 208 (2011) PI: Paul Corkum, NRC DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 36 Electronic dynamics near a conical intersection Source: Wörner, Science 334, 208 (2011) PI: Paul Corkum, NRC DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 37 Outline – Microresonator-based optical frequency combs – High peak power, ultrashort pulse laser processing of materials – Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) comb spectroscopy – High harmonic interferometry – Relativistic optics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Photo credits: DOI: 10.1038/nature05524, www.attoworld.de, E. Chowdhury (OSU) 38 Progress in peak intensity • Over the last two decades, a 6 order of magnitude increase in achieved focused intensities in table-top systems. Source: CUOS website 2x1022 Relativistic ions Nonlinearity of vacuum GeV e acceleration e+e- production Nuclear reactions Relativistic plasmas Hard x-ray generation Tunnel ionization High temperature plasma formation Bright x-ray generation Nonperturbative atomic physics High order nonlinear optics Perturbative atomic physics Nonlinear Optics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 39 Petawatt class university lasers University of Texas, 1.1 PW University of Nebraska, 0.7 PW University of Michigan, 0.3 PWOhio State University, 0.5 PW July 16, 2012 First Light DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 40 Laser-driven x-ray sources • Understanding laser-generated electron beam characteristics is the key to advancing x-ray sources. • PIC simulations of high intensity short pulse laser interacting with structured targets yields an enhancement in the number and energy of hot electron. • Monte Carlo simulations using the electron beam source from PIC show enhancement of x-ray production. DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited PI: Kramer Akli, OSU Hot electron generation Enhanced x-ray production Picture: Courtesy of Kwei--Yu Chu and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 41 Laser-driven x-rays generation (0.1 – 10 MeV) • Scattering from a 300 MeV electron beam can Doppler shift a 1-eV energy laser photon to 1.5 MeV energy. • Demonstrated > 710 MeV electron beams with no detectable low-energy background. PI: Donald Umstadter, U of Nebraska Super Sonic Nozzle E-Beam Scattering Laser Pulse Experimental geometry for generating x-rays via Thomson scattering > 710 MeV electrons Energy tunability from 0.1 – 0.8 GeV. Monoenergetic: ?E/E ~ 10 % Low angular divergence: 1-5 mrad DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 42 Laser-driven x-rays generation (0.1 – 10 MeV) 0.5 inch thick steel plate PI: Donald Umstadter, U of Nebraska DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 43 Brighter, more energetic and tunable than conventional synchrotrons UNL 2012 Hartemann, F. V. et al. High-energy scaling of Compton scattering light sources. Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams 8, 100702 (2005). PI: Donald Umstadter, U of Nebraska DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 44 (FY14 BRI) Laser-matter interactions in the relativistic optics regime • Laser-driven electron acceleration – Laser Wakefield Acceleration: Electrons are accelerated to gigaelectronvolt (GeV) energies over centimeters distances – Direct Light Acceleration • Ion acceleration – Protons and ions are accelerated to megaelectronvolt (MeV) energies by a mechanism known as ‘target normal sheath acceleration’ (TNSA) • X-ray radiation sources – keV to MeV x-rays via non-linear Thomson Scattering – Ka monochromatic emission – Bremsstrahlung broadband radiation • Neutron sources – Protons incident on a secondary target (e.g. Lithium) can produce MeV neutrons • QED physics DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Electron density distribution and generation of quasi- monoenergetic electron bunches observed in PIC simulations. Target Sheath Normal Acceleration: Laser acceleration of protons from the back side of a microstructured target. 45 Summary and outlook Optical frequency combs ultra-wide bandwidths • Spectral coverage to exceed an octave with high power/comb. • Coherence across EUV-LWIR. • Novel resonator designs (e.g. micro-resonator based). • Ultra-broadband pulse shaping. • … Attosecond science ultrashort pulsewidths • Efficient, high-flux generation. • Pump-probe methods. • Probe atoms/molecules & condensed matter systems. • Attosecond pulse propagation. • Novel attosecond experiments. • Fundamental interpretations of attosecond measurements. • … The program aims to understand and control light sources exhibiting extreme temporal, bandwidth and peak power characteristics. High-field laser physics high peak powers • Laser-solid interactions. • Fs propagation in media. • Sources of secondary photons. • Compact particle accelerators. • High peak power laser architectures. • High repetition rates. • New wavelengths of operation. • … DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

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